East Grand Rapids Outdoor Living Space Walkthru

This East Grand Rapids, MI landscape was designed to encourage the home owners to live more often in their outdoor living space.  Wood burning fire pit. Unilock paver patio. Stepping stone passes through a crushed stone transition walkway between the main lower paver patio and the upper paver patio.  Future gardens are planned to finish off the landscape and soften the edges and water features to add sound to the newly landscaped back yard.

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(616) 328-3258

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How To Build Dry Stacked Natural Stone Retaining Walls

Dry Stacked Natural Stone Retaining Walls

Purchasing Your Boulders/Wall Stone: 

When looking for natural stone for your future retaining wall, first search for “gravel pits” in your area. Because they are in the excavation business, they have access to the many boulders buried in their pits, often setting them aside for sale to landscapers (or other consumers in the know). Keep in mind, however, the machines they use are extremely large and therefore unfit for loading boulders into your truck or trailer. Because of this, you will find it necessary to either load them by hand (which can be very difficult because of their shear weight and awkwardness) or you will need to rent a small loader.  If you rent a loader to load the boulders, you will have to unload them by hand at the jobsite. This too can be difficult if you do not have a dump truck or trailer. However, with patience and the proper tools, you can do it this way and save yourself a lot of money. 

Stone Yards are another option. These are very popular for several reasons: First, they can save you a lot of time and labor. Stone yards can load the boulders for you if you have an open-bed vehicle. Also, stone yards generally offer delivery. Second, stone yards have access to a wide selection of stone from all over the country. The best yards can obtain stone from all over the world. However, with selection comes increased price. Stone yards sell stone significantly higher than gravel pits. They probably purchase their boulders from gravel pits and must recover the cost of shipping the stone from the pit to their own site. Not a cheap thing to do.

Depending on your location, you may be able to save even more money by scamming fieldstone from fields in the area. Especially keep in mind any farms or ranches you may have seen while driving around lately. Farmers often have large piles of boulders moved aside while preparing their fields for planting. Before you make off with any boulders, make sure you get permission from the owner of the property from which you intend to "pilfer".

Choosing the Right Stone For Your Dry Stacked Stone Wall Project:

Types of Natural Stone Available for Retaining Walls
Weight and Dimension:

It is essential, when choosing your rocks, to keep a few things in mind. You may think my first recommendation is obvious, but it must be said. It is easy to find boulders you love at the stone yard only to discover when you get them to your site you can’t budge them. So, plan ahead. Know how you intend to manipulate your boulders once they’re home. Don’t choose boulders that you cannot move. That does not mean you must be able to pick them up. However, you must determine your ability to access and use the tools necessary for the project. (I will take you through some of the many options available, and how to utilize those later).

Because stone density varies due to composition, it is impossible to give you precise weights per boulder or square face foot. Nevertheless, I have taken the time to give you some estimates based on my experience and those of other professionals. Below are estimates of weight based on dimension for various regions and rock type:

*Face feet assumes average thickness of the wall is 18".  Actual thickness will affect Face Feet.
*The List Below is stone readily available in Michigan:

Region                          Rock Type                    Estimated Weight                       Pounds/Face Foot

Pennsylvania/NY         Bluestone                      162.5 pounds/cubic foot             243.75 lb/face foot
Wisconson                   Chilton                          168 pounds/cubic foot                252.00 lb/face foot
Wisconson                   Fon Du Loc                   162 pounds/cubic foot                243.00 lb/face foot
Mid West                     Granite                          160 pounds/ cubic foot               240.00 lb/face foot
Michigan                     Michigan Fieldstone     170 pounds/per cubic foot          255.00 lb/ face foot
Michigan                     Michigan Limestone     155 pounds per cubic foot          132.50 lb/ face foot
Canada                        Canadian Limestone      165 pounds per cubic foot          247.50 lb/face foot
Michigan                     Grindstone                     136 pounds per cubic foot          204.00 lb/face foot

The Right-Size Wall Stone for Your Project

Building Stone: Different natural stone wall projects call for different size stone. For the sake of stability, use the largest boulders you can handle.  Retaining walls under two feet tall can be built using 10-18” boulders. Vary the sizes and shapes in order to give it a more natural look. Larger walls should be built using 18”-36” boulders. Boulders over 24” will probably require a machine to install.

Small Boulder Retaining Walls and  Rosetta Dimensional Steps

Shims: Whatever the size of the boulders you intend to use always keep some smaller angular stones handy for use as shims. Shims are used to increase contact between rock surfaces and thus improve stability. They can also help stablize rocks that rock.  Use a sledge hammer to set any shims that will be filling spaces between boulders.

If the soil at your sight is rich in either clay or humus, you will need crushed stone and rubble for backfill. Proper backfill improves drainage and keeps frost heave (a problem in cold northern parts of the county) from shoving boulders out of your wall. 

Building Your Retaining Wall

Before you do anything else, locate any underground utilities. Most municipalities have programs set up to provide free or inexpensive utility location. Give them a call. In Michigan you need to call MISS DIG. Next, mark out the base of your retaining wall using spray paint. Make sure you keep in mind the set back. Allow for a minimum of 1 inch set back per 12 inches of height. For walls over five feet, set back should be 1.5” per ten inches of height.  Once you have marked out the front of your wall, begin digging a trench approximately 1 ½ times the depth and 2x the thickness of your average wall stone.  Dig 6-12” in front of face of the wall.  Boulder Walls can be built by simply digging individual stones into the soil so they sit about 1/3 of the total height into the ground.

Chilton Dry-Stacked Retaining Wall

If you are using stacked  stone such as Chilton or Bluestone, it will be necessary to dig at least six inches deeper than the average thickness of your stones.  This will allow for a compacted "chips n dust" or crushed concrete base.  You will need to dig your trench  wide enough to allow for a minimum of 6 inches in front, and 6 inches behind the wall's base layer.   Thus, if your average wall stones are one (1) foot wide, front to back, you will dig your trench 2' wide.  Doing this will ensure a stable base and keep your stones from sinking or tipping forward or backward.  

To learn more about my services and begin planning your professionally designed and installed retaining wall project,

Call or Text Brent NOW

(616) 328-3258.

How to Build a Retaining Wall in Michigan

Retaining walls can be built of numerous materials types, natural stone such as fieldstone and quarried stone, man-made pre-cast or cast in place concrete wall systems, brick, timber, composite materials (plastic and wood particles combined), and even metal.  My preference is to build retaining walls in natural stone, but generally, the cost of natural stone is significantly more than that of man-made materials due to mining/quarrying costs and installation labor costs.  Michigan fieldstone boulders are an exception to this rule since they require less foundation preparation, and are more common in West Michigan than is quarried stone, and thus costs less in labor and materials.
 


This retaining wall was built by Omega in 2013 using seven tons of Michigan fieldstone boulders hand picked from Grand Rapids Gravel, and planted using material from Bohemia Nursery in West Olive, MI.

The wall and steps seen here were built by Omega Brick & Landscaping using Burnt Red Blend Wallstone/Wedgestone and Stratford Pavers manufactured by Hanson.

Built by Omega Brick & Landscaping using Antique Wallstone and Wedgestone Wall in Grand Rapids Township near Frederick Meijer Gardens

 I built this wall several years ago on Philadelphia SE in Grand Rapids, MI using St. Clair PISA 2 retaining wall by Unilock.

 

Split Chilton Wallstone, a natural limestone mined in Wisconsin, was used by Omega to build this wall in Ada, MI

 

Regardless of the materials being used, all retaining walls share fundamental building requirements that ensure long-lasting structural integrity.

1. Properly placed and compacted foundation material to keep your retaining wall from sinking or tipping. 

 

2. Geo textile fabric to separate base and backfill material from native soil which, left to its own device, will seep into the base and backfill material and degrade them as well as seep through the front of the wall. 

3. Properly placed and compacted backfill material to keep water from undermining the your wall or, in the case of wood, rotting it.

 

4. Carefully placed and leveled retaining wall foundation.

 

5. Properly sloped soil above the retaining wall to direct water away from the wall or over the wall.

 

When preparing your site for a retaining wall, whether replacing an existing wall or building a new one, consider all surrounding structures and land formations. These structures and formations can have a significant effect on the survival of your retaining wall by directing water toward or away from your wall.

If water will be directed toward your wall as things stand, you will need to redirect the water by installing drains and drain tiles or by changing the slope of the land formations. Which you choose has much to do with the amount of labor and equipment cost. Drains and drain tiles are inexpensive in and of themselves. However, installing them can require significant time and equipment costs. The quickest way to install a drain tile is with a trencher such as the Ditch Witch. In Grand Rapids, MI, I rent this machine from Advanced Rentals. http://www.advancedrentalcenter.com/products_43_Trencher-30-x-4.html?cat=2&sub=11 .

Dig your trench a minimum of eight inches wider than your retaining wall material.  Dig deep enough to lay down a minimum of six inches of crushed concrete or gravel (your base material) plus the height of one block, timber or stone.  Your will bury the first layer of your wall below grade.  In this case, because the soil here is clay and tends to hold water, in order to ensure minimal shifting and upheaval in I dug twelve inches below grade. 

 By digging 12 inches below grade, I was able to install eight inches of crushed concrete and still have room to bury my first course of retaining wall block.  Better safe than sorry.

Retaining walls built in Caledonia, MI for use as raised planting beds.
These are part of the system seen in the pictures above demonstrating proper base preparation.

 

Once your trench has been dug, lay out your geo textile.  Run the fabric from the front of the trench, down into the trench and up the back side of the trench and hill you are retaining.  Use large staples to hold the fabric in place both front and back of the trench.  Once the retaining wall is completed, you will need to pull the fabric over the front and back of the trench to cover the base and backfill material, so be sure to leave at least one foot of fabric beyond the front of the trench and two feet above the hill.  Also, allow enough slack in the fabric for the crushed concrete and stone to settle without tearing it.

 

Crushed stone from Grand Rapids Gravel.  Not the angular nature of the stone.  This allows the stone to be compacted and keeps it from shifting as happens with rounded pea stone/gravel or washed stone.

To make it easier to level your first layer of stone or block, consider laying a layer of chips n dust or stone dust on top of the crushed concrete approximately 1/2"-1" deep.

In Grand Rapids, MI, I purchase all of my crushed concrete and crushed stone from Grand Rapids Gravel.

Once the crushed concrete is fairly level, it is time to begin laying the blocks or stone.  You must place each block/stone individually, leveling each from front to back and side to side.  Level your first unit using a six or twelve inch level, tapping it with a heavy rubber mallet to lower set it deeper into the crushed concrete where it is too high.  If you need to add material under the block to get it right, use chips n dust, or stone dust.  It easier to level blocks and stone on chips n dust or stone dust than it is on crushed concrete.  Lay the second unit next to the first, using the first to level the second. 

Crushed stone is the preferred material for use behind retaining walls. Check them out at http://www.grgravel.com/ Try to install a minimum of twelve inches of crushed stone behind your wall. It is best to place the stone as you go to ensure proper compaction on filling. I install the stone after each level of retaining wall. I usually use a hand held tamper rather than a plate compactor. A plate compactor tends to push the the retaining wall our of alignment, requiring you to go back and push blocks back into place. If you are using fairly heavy retaining wall units (over 80lbs each), you will be safe using the compactor and save yourself a lot of manual labor. Be sure while you are putting in the backfill material to keep the geo textile fabric from pulling away from the native soil. You don't want to create gaps in the fabric where the soil can sift through and undermine the backfill and wall.

You may be required to cut the stone/block as you build in order to get a tight fit between blocks.  The best option is to rent a concrete saw or a large brick/block saw from a local rental company such as Home Depot or Advanced Rental here in Grand Rapids, MI.  These saws are equipped with diamond blades that make quick work of these cuts. 

Do not use blocks smaller than half the length of the standard units if at all possible.  They can become unstable and can be pushed out of the wall.  If you must use smaller pieces, use masons adhesive/glue to hold them in place by gluing them to the blocks above and below them.  Otherwise, the only time you should use adhesive is when you get to the capstones.  The capstones should be glued down using two beads of adhesive running lengthwise along the top of the previously laid layer of block: one bead two inches from the back of the block, one along two inches from the front of the block.  Try not to place the glue too close to the front.  If you do, the glue will ooze out and be exposed on the front of the wall.  The glue is difficult to remove.

When setting the capstone, use a rubber mallet to tap each block down to achieve proper adhesion.

 

For assistance with design or installation of your retaining wall,

 

Call Brent Langley today @ (616) 328-3258.